The subject of the kermis (or fair) in its various forms is one that Brueghel first took up in 1616, the same year that he changed the spelling of his name and began to distance himself from his late father.  In addition to the always popular works after Pieter the Elder's designs, Pieter the Younger found a ready market for his own inventions, and the St. George's Kermis with the Dance Around the Maypole is one of the high points of that select group.1  A picture cited by Ertz as on the Paris art market (Ertz E1226) is the first recorded version, and the present painting dates from just a year later, 1627. It is one of just three signed and dated versions of this subject and one of nine autograph versions altogether.2   Here as in so many of his paintings, Brueghel made various compositional changes as the subject evolved.  This Dance Around the Maypole is unique in showing the couple at the far right (the woman with the white headdress and the man with the red cap) set in front of a bush rather than squashed into a tent.3  It is also one of the tallest versions, so that the top of the maypole is fully visible, and there is a band of sky above the trees at the left and right.  The present work was apparently the one known to Marlier from a photograph in the Witt Library.4  It appears to be the same in all visible details apart from the fact that the man at the extreme left is holding a spade rather than relieving himself.  However, the spade was most likely added by a prudish owner and has since been removed. 

The original inspiration for this complex work may date back to such prints as Barthel Beham's large and popular woodcut Peasant Holiday of 1534,  which shows a panorama of village life, with figures dancing around a pole at the left.   But Brueghel drew on a number of themes and sources to create St. George's Kermis with the Dance Around the Maypole.  He combined the traditional Mayday celebration, still very popular in the early seventeenth century,  with the festival of St. George, which took place on April 23rd.  The saint's day is indicated by the large red banner at the left showing the standing saint with a bow and arrow.  On a similar banner that appears in the Kermis of Saint George, an etching by Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum after Pieter Bruegel the Elder, one can read the inscription laet die boeren haer kermis houuen (let the peasants have their kermis), but here the characters are illegible.  The religious nature of the festival is otherwise largely absent, apart from the tall spire of the church in the background.  Aspects of the village itself recall some of Brueghel's other kermis scenes, while the river landscape and mountains at the right are a surprising quotation from the Elder's Preaching of St. John the Baptist.  Here, however, we see tiny figures frolicking in the river rather than a baptism.  Part of the beauty of Brueghel's achievement is that he has taken these various elements and bound them together into a seamless depiction of gaiety and celebration.  Though the St. George's Kermis with the Dance Around the Maypole is not lacking in earthy elements and moments of anger, Brueghel's view is largely a benign one, with none of the astringent elements of his father.  His bright palette and light touch have pleased and entertained his audience from the early seventeenth century and continue to do so today.

1.  See Literature, K. Ertz, vol. I, p. 20.
2.  K. Ertz, vol. II, pp. 862-64 and 905-07.  
3.  Almost all other versions show the tent at the right.  The two exceptions are Ertz E1230a and E1231a., but in those the form of the foliage more closely resembles a pollarded tree rather than a bush.   
4.  See Literature, G. Marlier, p. 403, "Nous avons encore vu, à la Robert Witt Library de Londres, les photographies de deux esmemplaires, l'un en Grande-Bretagne chez F.B. Greenstreet, Esq....  Ertz apparently did not know the painting or the photograph, but he does cite Marlier's note in his entry for F1232.