Berlin's Gemäldegalerie exhibits paintings from the Golden Age of Spanish art

1 juillet 2016

Berlin's Gemäldegalerie exhibits paintings from the Golden Age of Spanish art

El Siglo de Oro. Die Ära Velázquez

BERLIN.- The Siglo de Oro – the Golden Age of Spanish art – remains one of the most important chapters in European cultural history. Prominent painters of the era such as Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Diego Velázquez and Francisco de Zurbaran belong to the ranks of the greatest masters of art history just as much as do the sculptors Gregorio Fernández, Pedro de Mena and Juan Martínez Montañés.

Diego Velázquez (Sevilla 1599 – Madrid 1660), Mars, nach 1641. Öl auf Leinwand, 179 x 95 cm. Museo Nacional del Prado. Madrid © Museo Nacional del Prado

This summer, for the first time, 17th-century painting and sculpture in all its fascinating variety can be comprehensively explored outside of Spain: From 1 July 2016, the Gemäldegalerie, which itself holds one of the most important collections of Spanish painting in Germany, will be dedicated to the Golden Age with a large-scale exhibition featuring over 130 masterpieces from 64 international lenders, including the Museo del Prado in Madrid, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Louvre in Paris and the Museo Nacional de Escultura in Valladolid.

Eugenio Cajés (Madrid 1574 – 1634), Der Heilige Ildefons empfängt von Maria die Kasel, 17. Jh. Öl auf Leinwand, 82,5 x 49 cm. Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux © Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, 1860, Foto: L. Gauthier, F. Deval

Paradoxically, the Siglo de Oro evolved during a time marked by profound crisis: epidemics, famines and armed conflicts were causing upheaval throughout Europe. At the beginning of the 17th century, Spain was still the most powerful country in the Western hemisphere, ruling a territory that spanned five continents. However, King Philip IV, who ascended the throne of the Spanish Empire in 1621, struggled to combat continuous decline and an increasing loss of territorial and political hegemony. Against the sombre background of societal reality, art became the most important political medium for simulating would-be stability and power.

Francisco de Zurbarán (Fuente de Cantos, Badajoz 1598 – Madrid 1664), Heilige Margareta von Antiochien, 1630-34. Öl auf Leinwand, 163 x 105 cm. The National Gallery, London. Bought, 1903 © The National Gallery, London

El Siglo de Oro. The Age of Velázquez shows the artistic opulence of the era between 1550 and 1680, taking into account the political and geographical conditions of the time. Employing the most important art centres in Spain as examples, the exhibition depicts, in chronological order, the general development of Baroque painting and sculpture during the reigns of Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II. Thus, visitors are taken through different artistic regions, of which the most important cities are Madrid, Valladolid, Toledo, Valencia and Seville. Special attention is paid to concrete topics such as portrait painting and still life as well as the close relationship between painting and sculpture, which is given particular expression in the form of masterful polychrome wood sculptures. One room of the exhibition is devoted exclusively to the art of Spanish drawing, with singular Baroque drawings from the Kupferstichkabinett of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin which will be on view for the first time.

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Sevilla 1617 – 1682), Junger Mann mit einem Fruchtkorb, ca. 1640-1650. Öl auf Leinwand, 143,2 x 120 cm. National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh. Purchased by Private Treaty with the aid of the Art Fund in 1999 © Scottish National Gallery.

Under Philip III (1578–1621, king from 1598), surprising diversity and strong foreign influences shaped the Spanish arts. Originally from Greece, Domenikos Theotokópoulos (the highly original artist otherwise known as El Greco) worked in the city of Toledo. In his work he combined Italian and Spanish pictorial traditions with those of his homeland, developing his own distinctive style that influenced many of his contemporaries. The artist Juan Sánchez Cotán also lived in Toledo. Together with the Madrilenian Juan van der Hamen y León, he played a significant role in the development of a typical Spanish still-life genre, the bodegón.

El Greco (Kreta 1541 – Toledo 1614), Immaculata Oballe, 1613. Öl auf Leinwand, 347 x 174 cm. Eigentum der Parroquia de San Nicolás de Bari – Arzobispado de Toledo. Als Dauerleihgabe im Museo de Santa Cruz, Toledo © Parroquia de San Nicolas de Bari, Toledo, Foto: David Blázquez

The port city of Seville, rich and cosmopolitan at the time, was Andalusia’s artistic heart. Religious works destined for America were also created here. The most important representative of the Sevillian school of sculpture is Juan Martínez Montañés, whose sculptures are characterised by profound realism and lifelike renderings.

Francisco de Zurbarán (Fuente de Cantos, Badajoz 1598 – Madrid 1664), Das Schweißtuch der Heiligen Veronika, 1658. Öl auf Leinwand, 105 x 83, 50 cm. Museo Nacional de Escultura. Valladolid © Museo Nacional de Escultura

The second section of the exhibition focuses on the artistic peak of the Baroque period’s great masters, contextualised by political and religious elites of their day. Philip IV (1605–65, king from 1621) was a great lover of the arts. Together with his favourite, the Count-Duke of Olivares, he fashioned art in the midst of economic and social crises into his primary instrument of political propaganda. The enormous number of artistic initiatives he sponsored for this purpose ultimately established Madrid, the seat of the court, as Spain’s most important artistic centre.

Jusepe de Ribera (Játiva, Valencia 1591 – Neapel 1652), Vision des Belsazar, 1635. Öl auf Leinwand, 52 x 64 cm. Arcidiocesi di Milano, Galleria Arcivescovile, Ufficio Beni Culturali Ecclesiastici e Arte Sacra, Mailand © Arcidiocesi di Milano, Curia Arcivescovile, Foto: Paolo Manusardi, Milano

The capital attracted many artists, including the Sevillian Diego Velázquez, who at the age of 24 took a court position and was soon appointed court painter—the highest royal office obtainable by an artist. As a painter, Velázquez distinguished himself in the field of portraiture in particular. His position meant that he was responsible for the creation of official portraits of the monarch and his family. The empathy and interest in the psychology of his subjects that is so keenly palpable in these works also influenced his numerous other portraits of personalities of the court and its surroundings.

Spanien, Schule von Madrid, Bücherstilleben, um 1630/40. Öl auf Leinwand, 34,9 x 56,8 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

During the Counter-Reformation, the Church was the most important commissioner of works of art. In Valladolid an independent school of sculpture committed exclusively to religious subjects emerged. Gregorio Fernández was its dominant figure and became the most successful Spanish sculptor of the century. His Cristo Yacente of El Pardo (1627) is an exemplary masterpiece of polychrome carved wooden sculpture and one of the most representative creations of Spanish Baroque sculpture. The artist adorns this life-sized, recumbent statue with additional elements such as ivory teeth and nails fashioned from bull’s horn to achieve a more realistic effect. The carefully executed polychroming is attributed to the painters Diego de la Peña and Jerónimo de Calabria. Deeply dramatic sculptures such as this one express a religiosity that was newly emerging at the time, which can be understood as a reaction against the CounterReformation. They were meant to strengthen the viewer’s religious faith, leaving a lasting impression. Another example of polychrome sculpture, a group comprising life-size figures that portray a cross-carrying Christ and the attendant scene (after 1610), is still used to this day as part of a yearly procession in the streets of Valladolid. Now, for the first time in history, it will be on display in Germany, in the Gemäldegalerie.

Juan de Arellano (Santorcaz, Madrid 1614 – Madrid 1676), Blumenstillleben, um 1670. Öl auf Leinwand, 85 x 105 cm. Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden © Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Foto: E. Estel/H.-P. Klu

Art in Valencia, too, was steeped in a deep sense of religion and spirituality. In part thanks to its distance from Madrid, Valencia, the birthplace of Jusepe de Riberas, evolved into an independent artistic centre with its own presentational style. In Ribera’s Madonna with the Christ Child and Saint Bruno, reality and hallucination are masterfully folded in on one another. Another impressive example from Seville is Francisco de Zurbarán’s St. Francis of Assisi in His Tomb. In Zurbarán’s painting, which is life-sized and painted head-on, the border between natural and supernatural dissolves; the viewer is confronted with a miraculous event.

Diego Velázquez (Sevilla 1599 – Madrid 1660), Die drei Musikanten, um 1616-20. Öl auf Leinwand, 88 x 111 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

As the seat of the court, Madrid was one of the largest cities in Europe towards the end of the century, while many other cities in Spain were experiencing an ongoing demographic decline. The heir apparent to Philip IV was Charles II, his son (1661–1700, king from 1665). As a result of Madrid’s centralisation, all artistic activity became focused on the capital and a lively exchange arose between the artists who had settled there. The most significant commissions were fresco cycles for the decoration of buildings and churches.

Gregorio Fernández (Sarriá, Lugo 1576 – Valladolid 1636), Gang zum Kalvarienberg, um 1610. Holz, polychromiert, Ch. 144 x 84 x 124 cm., Cir. 176 x 106 x 91 cm., Ver. 172 x 84 x 95 cm., Sch. 164 x 53 x 101 cm., Tromp. 192 x 93 x 92 cm. Museo Nacional de Escultura. Valladolid © Museo National de Escultura, Foto: © Javier Muñoz/Paz Pastor

The artists’ work simultaneously shows the influence of their environment and the upheavals of their time. Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, next to Velázquez the best-known Spanish Baroque painter of his day, developed a new genre of painting, in which he depicted scenes from daily street life. Children Eating a Pie shows two barefoot children in ragged clothes. The cheerful mood and the childlike unselfconsciousness outshines their obvious poverty.

Francisco de Zurbarán (Fuente de Cantos, Badajoz 1598 – Madrid 1664), Hl. Franziskus, um 1640. Öl auf Leinwand, 180,5 x 110,5 cm.Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya, Barcelona © Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, Foto: Calveras / Mérida / Sagristà

As the century came to a close, so did these artistic golden days; however, they left a significant mark, tangible in the work of generations of artists to come. Concurrent with the turn of the century, the death of the childless king led to the end of the Spanish line of the Habsburg dynasty and the beginning of a new chapter in Spanish history.

Juan Carreño de Miranda (Avilés, Asturias 1614 – Madrid 1685), König Karl II. von Spanien als Knabe, 1673. Öl auf Leinwand, 205 x 142 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

Diego Velázquez (Sevilla 1599 – Madrid 1660), Bildnis einer Dame (Condesa de Monterrey?), um 1630/33. Öl auf Leinwand, 123,7 x 101,7 cm Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

Antonio de Pereda y Salgado (Valladolid 1611 – Madrid 1678), Bergige Landschaft mit Ziehbrunnen, um 1650. Öl auf Leinwand, 33 x 41 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

Antonio de Pereda (Valladolid 1611 – Madrid 1678), Der Künstler vor Gianbolognas Appennino, 1665-1678?. Feder in Braun, grau laviert, auf Papier, 261 x 215 mm. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, KdZ 28977, Foto: Volker-H. Schneider

Diego Velázquez (Sevilla 1599 – Madrid 1660), Don Gaspar Guzmán, Conde Duque de Olivares, ca. 1635. Öl auf Leinwand, 92,5 x 74 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York © bpk, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Malcolm Varon

Alonso Cano (Granada 1601 – 1667), Johannes von Gott (Detail), um 1660-1665. Holz, polychromiert, 30,5 x 22 x 21 cm. Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada © Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada, Foto: © Javier Muñoz/Paz Pastor

Gregorio Fernández (Sarriá, Lugo 1576 – Valladolid 1636), Heilige Theresa von Ávila (Detail), 1625. Holz, polychromiert, 172 x 103 x 85 cm. Museo Nacional de Escultura. Valladolid © Museo Nacional de Escultura, Foto: © Javier Muñoz/Paz Pastor

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Sevilla 1617 – 1682), Mariä Himmelfahrt, 1665-68. Feder in Braun, braun laviert, über grauem Stift, auf Papier, 146 x 155 mm. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, KdZ 28977, Foto: Volker-H. Schneider

El Greco (Kreta 1541 – Toledo 1614), Der Heilige Martin und der Bettler, 1597 / 1599. Öl auf Leinwand, 193,5 x 103 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington, Widener Collection © Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington

Juan Antonio de Frias y Escalante (Córdoba 1633 – Madrid 1669), Der Engel erweckt den Propheten Elias in der Wüste, um 1650/60. Öl auf Holz, 49 x 33 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Sevilla 1617 – 1682), Ecce Homo, 1670. Öl auf Leinwand, 153 x 105 cm. Museo de Bellas Artes de Murcia © Museo de Bellas Artes de Murcia

Alonso Cano (Granada 1601 – 1667), Christus in der Vorhölle, ca. 1655. Öl auf Leinwand, 167,64 x 120,65 cm. Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Gift of Bella Mabury) © Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Gift of Bella Mabury (M.48.5.1), Foto: © Museum Associates/LACMA

Jusepe de Ribera (Játiva, Valencia 1591 – Neapel 1652), Madonna mit dem heiligen Bruno, 1624. Öl auf Leinwand, 205 x 153,5 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

José Antolínez (Madrid 1635–1675), Atelierszene (Der Bildhändler), um 1670. Öl auf Leinwand, 201,9 x 125,6 cm. Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlu ngen München – Alte Pinakothek © Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen München - Alte Pinakothek

Diego Velázquez (Sevilla 1599 – Madrid 1660), Der Hofnarr Diego de Acedo, 1635. Öl auf Leinwand, 107 x 82 cm. Museo Nacional del Prado. Madrid © Museo Nacional del Prado

Pedro Roldán (Sevilla 1624–1699), Mater Dolorosa, um 1670/75. Holz, polychromiert, 37 x 35 x 24 cm. Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Staatliche Muse © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Foto: Antje Voigt

Diego Velázquez (Sevilla 1599 – Madrid 1660), Francisco Pacheco, ca. 1620. Öl auf Leinwand, 41 x 36 cm. Museo Nacional del Prado. Madrid © Museo Nacional del Prado (inv. P01209), © Photographic Archive, Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

Jusepe de Ribera (Játiva, Valencia 1591 – Neapel 1652), Brustbild eines Mannes, um 1613-1615. Öl auf Leinwand, 76 x 63,5 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, Foto: Jörg P. Anders

Jusepe de Ribera (Játiva, Valencia 1591 – Neapel 1652), Kopf mit Verband, ca. 1630. Pinsel in Braun, auf hellem Papier, 243 x 179 mm. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, KdZ 20821, Foto: Volker-H. Schneider

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Sevilla 1617 – 1682), Die Pastetenesser, um 1670/75. Öl auf Leinwand, 123,6 x 102 cm. Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlu ngen München – Alte Pinakothek © Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen München - Alte Pinakothek