Edward Hopper (1882 1967), Self-Portrait, 1903-1906. Oil on canvas, 25 15/16 x 22 in. (65.88 x 55.88 cm).Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest (70.1253). ©Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, licensed by the Whitney Museum of American Art. Photography by Sheldan C. Collins.

BOLOGNA.- Some call him a storyteller, while others consider him the only artist who could capture the very instant – crystallized in time – of a scene, or the essence of a person. After all, it was Edward Hopper himself (1882-1967) – the best-known and most popular American artist of the 20th century, a man of few words, a retiring personality who loved the ocean and the horizon, and the clear light in his large studio – who explained his poetics: “If you could say it in words, there would be no reason to paint.” 

Edward Hopper (1882 1967), Stairway at 48 rue de Lille, Paris, 1906. Oil on wood, 32,7×23,7 cm. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest © Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, Licensed by Whitney Museum of American Art.

The exhibition running until 3 July 2016 at Palazzo Fava - Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Bologna has been jointly organized by the Fondazione Carisbo, Genus Bononiae. Musei nella Città and the Arthemisia Group, with the collaboration with the Municipality of Bologna and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. It offers an chronological overview of Edward Hopper’s entire output, from his Parisian watercolours to his landscapes and cityscapes from the ‘50s and ‘60s, with over 60 artworks on display, including celebrated masterpieces such as South Carolina Morning (1955), Second Story Sunlight (1960), New York Interior (1921), Le Bistro or The Wine Shop (1909), and Summer Interior (1909), as well as fascinating studies (like his 1941 study for Girlie Show) that are testaments to Hopper’s superb draughtsmanship. The selection spans his entire career and touches on all the techniques used by an artist who is now considered a classic twentieth-century painter. 

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), The Balcony, 1928. Drypoint on paper, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Purchased with the Thomas Skelton Harrison Fund, 1962, 1962-19-78 © Whitney Museum of American Art

An outstanding loan is the large painting entitled Soir Bleu (has a length of about two meters), symbol of loneliness and human alienation, made by Hopper in 1914 in Paris. 

This major retrospective is curated by Barbara Haskell – curator of painting and sculpture for the Whitney Museum of American Art – with the collaboration of Luca Beatrice. The Whitney has devoted a number of exhibitions to Hopper, starting with the 1920 show at the Whitney Studio Club and including memorable exhibitions in 1950, 1964 and 1980. And since 1968, when Hopper’s widow, Josephine, bequeathed their collection to the Whitney, the museum has housed the bulk of Hopper’s works, over 3,000 paintings, drawings and prints.

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Pennsylvania Coal Town, 1947. Museum Purchase, 1948. Collection of the Butler Institute of American, Youngstown, Ohio.

Like the exhibition on street art now underway at Palazzo Pepoli (Street Art - Banksy & Co. L’arte allo stato urbano, Palazzo Pepoli – the Museum of the History of Bologna, through 26 June 2016), the Hopper show is the result of a cultural partnership between the Fondazione Genus Bononiae. Musei nella Città and the Arthemesia Group, reflecting a synergy that sees the participation of the Municipality of Bologna as well. 

Divided chronologically into six thematic sections, the exhibition retraces Hopper’s career, from his academic training as a student in Paris to his much better-known “classical” period in the ’30s, ‘40s and 50s, and on to his intensely iconic works in his later years. All the artist’s favourite techniques are covered by the show: oil painting, watercolours and prints, with a special focus on the intriguing connection between his paintings and the studies he drew for them, an essential part of Hopper’s output. 

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Morning Sun, 1952. Oil on canvas, 71,4 x 101,9 cm. Howald Fund, Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio.

The first few sections feature a group of self-portraits, works from Hopper’s time as a student, and the airy sketches and other works from his years in Paris. Masterpieces like Night Shadows (1921) and Evening Wind (1921) attest to the elegance of the artist’s technique and “that sense of the incredible potential of everyday experience” that would win him recognition and mark the start of a richly rewarding career. 

In the section that celebrates Hopper’s superb draughtsmanship and work process, a significant subgroup of his preparatory drawings is on display, including Study for Gas (1940), Study for Girlie Show (1941), Study for Summertime (1943), Study for Pennsylvania Coal Town (1947). 

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Girlie Show (The striptease), 1941- Collection Fayez Sarofim.

The exhibition also brings together some of Hopper’s best paintings devoted to women, naked or half-dressed, alone in rooms, going about their chores or in contemplative stances: works that epitomize the artist’s poetics, his unassuming realism, and above all his skill at bringing out the beauty of ordinary subjects, often by means of a cinematic approach. 

All of Hopper’s mastery is on display, not only in his paintings but also his remarkable prints, his drawings and watercolours, in a career ranging from the turn of the last century to the 1960s: an extraordinary repertoire of the motifs and genres of figurative painting, such as portraits, landscapes, nudes, and interiors, as seen in masterpieces like Self-Portrait (1903-06), Second Story Sunlight (1960), Summer Interior (1909), and New York Interior (ca. 1921). 

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Second Story Sunlight, 1960. Oil on canvas, 40 3/16 × 50 1/8 in. (102.1 × 127.3 cm). Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Purchase, with funds from the Friends of the Whitney Museum of American Art, 60.54 © Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, licensed by the Whitney Museum of American Art.

Hopper was long associated with evocative images of urban dwellings and their inhabitants, yet to the skyscrapers that were emblematic of the aspirations of the jazz age Hopper actually preferred the faded red brick facades of anonymous shops, or views of little-known bridges. His favourite subjects were glimpses of ordinary life in reassuring middle class apartments, often seen through the windows on his travels, along with the interiors of cafeterias or cinemas that have gained iconic status thanks to some of the celebrated masterpieces on view. Hopper also produced marvelous watercolours during his summers spent in Gloucester, Massachusetts; Maine; and, starting in 1930, Truro (Cape Cod Sunset, 1934). 

The exhibition aims to showcase Hopper’s “signature style” and its legacy, as seen and imitated in many fields of the visual arts, from painting and cinema to photography and illustration, as well as advertising, television, album covers, magazine covers, comic strips and merchandising. Ironically enough, considering how reserved Edward Hopper was in his private life, hardly a fixture in the art circles of his day, at one point he became a popular painter, admired and even adored for his oeuvre that reflected all the stereotypes of the American dream, then as now. 

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Woman in the Sun, 1961. Oil on linen, 40 1/8 × 60 3/16 in. (101.9 × 152.9 cm). Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; 50th Anniversary Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Albert Hackett in honor of Edith and Lloyd Goodrich, 84.31 © Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, licensed by the Whitney Museum of American Art.

THE ARTIST. Born and raised in Nyack, a small town on the Hudson River in New York State, Hopper briefly studied illustration and then painting at the New York School of Art, under legendary teachers such as William Merritt Chase and Robert Henri. He travelled to Europe three times (from 1906 to 1907, in 1909 and 1910), and it was his stays in Paris that left an indelible impression on the artist and fueled his love of all things French, which he would never lose, even after he settled down in New York for good, in 1913. 

Six feet tall, Hopper cut an impressive figure yet was famous for shying away from the spotlight, writing and speaking very little about his art. When he died at the age of eighty-four, his works had been well regarded by critics and the public at large for his entire career, despite the rise of new avant-garde movements ranging from Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism to Pop Art. 

Edward Hopper 1882-1967, South Carolina Morning, 1955. Oil on canvas, 30 9/16 × 40 1/4 in. (77.63 x 102.24 cm) Frame 38 1/8 × 48 1/8 in. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Given in memory of Otto L. Spaeth by his Family 67.13 © Whitney Museum of American Art, NY.

In 1949, Look magazine named Hopper as one of America’s leading painters; in 1950 the Whitney Museum organized a major retrospective of his works, and in 1956 Hopper wound up on the cover of Time. In 1967, the year he died, Hopper represented the United States at the prestigious Sao Paulo Biennial. 

Since then, Hopper’s art has been celebrated in a number of exhibitions and has inspired countless painters, poets and film directors. The author John Updike delivered an eloquent tribute to the artist in a 1995 essay, calling his paintings “calm, silent, stoic, luminous, and classic”.

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), New York Interior, ca. 1921. Oil on canvas, Overall: 24 1/4 × 29 1/4in. (61.6 × 74.3cm). Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest 70.1200. ©Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, licensed by the Whitney Museum of American Art. Photograph by Robert E. Mates.

Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Woman Walking, 1906. Oil on wood, 13 x 9 1/4 in. (33.02 x 23.5 cm). Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest 70.1293. ©Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, licensed by the Whitney Museum of American Art. Photograph by Robert E. Mates.

Edward Hopper, Solitary Figure in a Theatre, c.1902. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest 70.1293. ©Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, licensed by the Whitney Museum of American Art. Photograph by Robert E. Mates.

Edward Hopper (1882 1967), American Village, 1912. Oil on canvas, 66×96,8 cm. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest © Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, Licensed by Whitney Museum of American Art.

Edward Hopper (1882 1967), Le Pavillon de Flore, 1909. Oil on canvas, 60×73,2 cm. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest © Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, Licensed by Whitney Museum of American Art.

Edward Hopper (1882 1967), Le Bistro or The Wine Shop, 1909. Oil on canvas, 61x 73,3 cm, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest © Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, Licensed by Whitney Museum of American Art.

Edward Hopper (1882 1967), Le Pont des Arts, 1907. Oil on canvas, 60,2×73,2 cm. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Josephine N. Hopper Bequest © Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper, Licensed by Whitney Museum of American Art.

Edward Hopper while performing a sketch in Paris in 1907.