Exhibition explores the rich variety of prints that came to define French power and style in the era of Louis XIV

16 juin 2015

Exhibition explores the rich variety of prints that came to define French power and style in the era of Louis XIV

Events of the Year 1713 (detail), Dumesnil, 1714. Lent by the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie. Photo credit: BnF

LOS ANGELES, CA.- Louis XIV’s imperialist ambitions manifested themselves in every activity under his dominion, which included the production of etchings and engravings. Fully appreciating the beauty and utility of prints, he and his advisors transformed Paris into the single most important printmaking center in Europe, a position the city maintained until the 20th century. Fueled by official policies intended to elevate the arts and glorify the Sun King, printmakers and print publishers produced hundreds of thousands of works on paper to meet a demand for images that was as insatiable then as it is now.

Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre, Robert Nanteuil after Nicolas Mignard, 1661. The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (2010.PR.160).

On view at the Getty Research Institute at the Getty Center June 16 through September 6, 2015, A Kingdom of Images: French Prints in the Age of Louis XIV, 1660–1715 was organized by the Getty Research Institute in special collaboration with the Bibliothèque nationale de France. This major exhibition surveys printmaking in the era of Louis XIV and commemorates the 300th anniversary of his death.

Allegory of Fire, Sébastien Leclerc after Charles Le Brun, ca. 1670. Bound with Devises pour les tapisseries du roy: ou sont representez les quatre elemens et les quatre saisons de l'année . . . (Paris, 1668). The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (1391-388)

“In art history, too often certain media are neglected in favor of what is popular, such as painting and sculpture,” said Thomas W. Gaehtgens, director of the Getty Research Institute. “However, the truth is that at a time when France was positioned as the cultural capital of Europe, printmaking asserted itself as a fine art while printmakers successfully inserted themselves into the official art academy that had previously been the stronghold of painters and sculptors. Indeed, our understanding of the history of art and culture in France is a history told in French prints. A Kingdom of Images addresses a significant lacuna in scholarship and shows the rise of French printmaking to be richer and more complex than has been generally recognized.”

Le Cul de La Fleur (La Fleur's Ass), Jean Lepautre and Pierre Lepautre, ca. 1680. Lent by the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie. Photo credit: BnF

A Kingdom of Images features nearly 100 works produced during the golden age of French printmaking—from grand royal portraits to satiric views of everyday life, and from small-scale ornamental designs to unusually large, multi-sheet panoramas of royal buildings.

Third Apartment, Antoine Trouvain, 1694. From Appartements ou amusements de la famille royale à Versailles (1694–98), a suite of 6 plates. The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (2011-PR.20).

The exhibition was curated by Louis Marchesano, curator of prints and drawings at the GRI; Christina Aube, curatorial assistant at the GRI; prints specialist Peter Fuhring of the Fondation Custodia in Paris; and Vanessa Selbach and Rémi Mathis, curators of seventeenth-century prints at the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Vanitas with Skeleton: Death Is the Wages of Sin, Michel Mosin after Jean-Baptiste Corneille, ca. 1680. Lent by the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie. Photo credit: BnF

"No other medium served the Crown as well as prints,” said Marchesano. “Through prints, allies and enemies alike bore witness to the refinement of French technical skill, aesthetics, and taste. They not only learned about Louis XIV, they also saw that French fashion, design, and inventiveness had outmatched the rest of Europe.”

Monumental Vase in a Decorative Border, Jean Lepautre, ca. 1650–64. From an untitled suite of 4 prints. The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (P860001).

“One of the reasons that this period has not been the subject of a large exhibition is that curators and scholars dismissed many of the prints as propaganda, the kind of over-the- top imagery in which the king appears, for example, as a mythological figure or a Roman emperor,” he added. “While I do not disagree with the “propaganda” label, I would urge viewers to consider the sophistication of both the message and the way that message is delivered. Also, I would argue that we need to think of propaganda in a wider sense. Remember, Louis XIV wanted to demonstrate to the world that France was the new cultural capital and in this respect it was under his reign that prints accomplished two goals. First, as works of art they attained unparalleled artistic sophistication and influence, which we can see for example in the portraits by Robert Nanteuil; and second, they carried a message that the rest of Europe came to envy: France was the center of fashion, design, and elegance.”

The Exchange of Arrows between Death and Cupid, Unknown printmaker, possibly Pierre Landry after David I Vinckboons, ca. 1665–1701. The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (2012-PR.102).

The works on display include fashion prints, portraits, religious and moralizing images, maps and views, and works depicting the fine and decorative arts, architecture, and lavish festivals. The first section of the exhibition, “Glory of the King,” contains one of the most exquisite portraits of Louis XIV ever created (Nanteuil’s engraving of 1676), along with huge illustrated calendars showing the king in various guises. In one he is a heroic warrior, and in another, an elegant dancer in exquisite garb.

The King's Reception, Unknown printmaker, 1661. The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (2011-PR.7).

The “Fashion” section contains marvelous works of the greatest rarity, including a pair of figures whose engraved clothing has been replaced with real fabric from the late 1600s. These are commonly referred to as “dressed prints.” Images of design and style are not strictly limited to this section, but can be seen throughout the entire exhibition.

Mademoiselle d'Armagnac in a Dressing Gown, Antoine Trouvain, 1695. Lent by the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie. Photo credit: BnF

The section devoted to architecture highlights Louis XIV’s greatest building programs: the Louvre, the church of the Invalides, and the palace and gardens of Versailles. The megalomaniacal impetus behind the construction of these buildings also informed the unusual monumentality of the prints that represented them; these works were produced by the best printmakers of the day: Etienne Baudet, Antoine Coquart, Pierre Lepautre, and Jean Marot.

Facade of the Church of the Invalides, Pierre Lepautre after Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1687. From a bound volume of 14 prints (Paris, 1687). The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (1392-604).

For Louis XIV, festivals were one way in which to keep the aristocracy entertained and in line. Festivals had to impress and overwhelm audiences and those organized by the Crown were so costly that they sometimes threatened the budget of the government. The illustrated books designed to record those events, several of which are on display in the “Festivals and Events” section, were made with the highest production values. A notable example is The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island, a publication featuring the etchings of Jean Lepautre, whose work allowed the world to witness the perpetual entertainments of a mythological realm ruled by a benevolent king.

Flower Bouquet in a Basket, Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer, ca. 1665. From Plusieurs Paniers de Fleurs (Paris, n.d.), a suite of 4 prints. Lent by the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie. Photo credit: BnF

Almanac for the Year 1682 (Le bal à la françoise), 1681, Unknown printmaker, Publisher: Pierre Landry (French, ca. 1630– 1701), Engraving and etching with letterpress calendar, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie. Photo credit: BnF.